DIFFERENCES IN THE EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY OF TWO SYMPATRIC SPECIES OF BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS (GENUS<i>TURSIOPS</i>) IN THE WATERS OF CHINA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Clear genetic and osteological characters exist to distinguish 2 sympatric species of bottlenose dolphins (genus Tursiops) in the waters of China. However, these characters are not useful for the identification of free-ranging dolphins. To determine if these species could be differentiated by external morphology, a discriminant analysis was performed on 8 external morphometric characters of 57 specimens, 40 of which were classified a priori as T. truncatus and 17 as T. aduncus using genetic, osteological, and other information. External morphological separation of the 2 species was highly significant. Furthermore, discriminant scores were nonoverlapping, and classification functions were successful in classifying several new specimens from the waters of China and Indonesia. Rostrum length as an absolute measure and as a proportion of total body length or snout-to-eye length revealed nonoverlapping distributions for the 2 species in the waters of China and thus offered useful field characters for classifying fresh carcasses, stranded individuals, captive specimens, photographs, and in some cases free-ranging individuals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".