Life History, Larval Morphology, and Nearctic Distribution of <I>Ceutorhynchus subpubescens</I> (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since the description of Ceutorhynchus subpubescens LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) >125 yr ago, very little information has been published on its biology, taxonomy, or distribution. We conducted studies in southern Alberta, Canada, to investigate aspects of its life history and host plant feeding preferences. Preimaginal life stages of C. subpubescens were described for the first time, and data were compiled on its North American distribution. Ceutorhynchus subpubescens was univoltine. Adults emerged from overwintering sites in shelterbelts in late April to early May, and first occurred on host plants in May. Eggs were laid into apical stem regions of flixweed, Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb (Brassicaceae), and hatched to larvae that mined the stems, feeding primarily on pith tissue. Three instars developed within D. sophia. When mature, the final instar bored an exit hole in the primary stem, just below the juncture of a lateral shoot. Developmental time from eggs to final instars required only 35–45 d, an adaptation that accommodated the rapid development of D. sophia hosts. Setal numbers on the mouthparts and head capsule distinguished final instars of C. subpubescens from its sympatric congeners, Ceutorhynchus neglectus Blatchley and Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham). New distribution records for the species include Alberta, Arizona, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oregon, Saskatchewan, South Dakota, and Washington. C. subpubescens has adapted to exploit a resource-rich habitat, where larvae are free from interference from predators and parasitoids; however, its relatively rare occurrence in western North America is surprising given the abundance of its host plants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".