Dietary transfer of enriched stable isotopes to mark otoliths, fin rays, and scales
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Artificial chemical marking of calcified structures, such as otoliths, has emerged as a powerful method to assess stocking success and determine connectivity patterns in freshwater and marine systems. Although transgenerational and larval immersion methods have been validated, dietary transmission of enriched stable isotopes to calcified structures would allow minimal handling of animals and reduced expense for flow-through systems. We experimentally manipulated137Ba in diets and successfully marked otoliths in red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) larvae, fingerlings, and subadults, as well as fin rays and scales of subadults in as little as 2 weeks of exposure. Marking success of 100% was found for larvae and fingerlings reared at higher temperatures, indicating the need for sufficient growth to occur for consistently detectable marks. Spiked isotopes successfully marked fin rays (86% marked) and scales (100% marked) of subadults, providing a cost-effective tagging method that can be sampled nonlethally. Dietary marking of calcified structures may be the method of choice where handling must be minimized or water chemistry cannot be manipulated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".