Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lichens of North America. Irwin M. Brodo, Sylvia Duran Sharnoff, and Stephen Sharnoff. Foreword by Peter Raven. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, with the Canadian Museum of Nature. 2001. 828 pp., illus. $75.00 (ISBN 0300082495 cloth). This gorgeously illustrated tome is a comprehensive guide to the world's genera of the larger and smaller lichens, in spite of the “North America” in its name. The cosmopolitan nature of lichen cover and the transcendent beauty of the plates make the book of profound interest to field naturalists, botanists, symbiosis biologists, and hobbyists far beyond the borders of Canada, Mexico, and the United States. What is missing are not the major common lichen genera of Antarctica, Asia, Europe, and South America but descriptions of the smaller, less conspicuous lichens found in all landscapes. The lichen body (crustose, foliose, or fruticose), the nature of its reproduction (sexual or not), its propagules (asci, blastidia, isidia, schizidia, or soredia) and their dispersal, and its unique chemistry (over 600 compounds—many limited to lichens—which include depsides, depsidones, anthraquinones, and pulvinic acid derivatives) are explained such that the concepts of these lichenologists are made clear to scientists and teachers who are not specialists in the field. The readers are provided tools and range maps to identify more than 800 species. The glossary and other explanations—for example, of lichen coloration (chapter 4), physiology (chapter 5), and substrates (the rocks, barks, shells, live insect carapaces, and other materials upon which lichens grow; chapter 7)—are splendid. The ecology of lichens, productive pioneers that dominate the photic zone in rocky coastal ecosystems and complement the productivity of forest habitats, is well demonstrated (chapter 8). The ways that lichens relate to people—as food and fodder, as sources of dye, as indicators of pollution, as medicine, or even as poison (chapter 10)—are all nicely explained. In chapters 12 through 15, the book provides collection and study techniques, advice on names, and other practical information. The keys to the genera present a clear and comprehensive guide for all who desire a better understanding of these beautiful, enigmatic organisms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.045 | 0.010 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".