Damage to <i>Trichothecium roseum</i> caused by sodium silicate is independent from pH
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Trichothecium roseum is one of the most important postharvest pathogens in arid and semiarid regions. Sodium silicate (NaSi) and environmental pH have significant inhibitory effects on fungal growth. However, no study has addressed the relationship of NaSi and pH in combination and the effects on T. roseum. In this work, we showed that spore germination, germ tube elongation, and mycelial growth of T. roseum were significantly inhibited by various NaSi concentrations, which had corresponding increasing pHs. Furthermore, these NaSi solutions showed a much greater impact than did pH treatments alone. The pathogenicity of NaSi-treated conidia on a model assay (conidia-inoculated apple fruit) was dramatically reduced, whereas no changes of pathogenicity were evident for the corresponding pH (various sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions) treatments. Fluorescent microscopy, using propidium iodide staining, showed damage of the plasma membranes of T. roseum conidia treated with both NaSi and NaOH, although the damage was more severe with NaSi. Leakage of proteins and sugars was significantly higher in NaSi-treated and NaOH-treated conidia than in untreated controls. In addition, serious damage was observed in the conidia exposed to NaSi for longer periods of time. Ultrastructural observations showed that treatment with either NaSi or NaOH caused a plasmolysis state and disorganized organelles. Taken together the results show that NaSi has inhibitory effects on T. roseum and that the inherent higher pH of NaSi solutions of higher concentrations simply acts as an enhancer of the inhibitory effects of NaSi.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".