Range–Height Scans of Lidar Depolarization for Characterizing Properties and Phase of Clouds and Precipitation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Backscatter and depolarization lidar measurements from clouds and precipitation are reported as functions of the elevation angle of the pointing lidar direction. The data were recorded by scanning the lidar beam (Nd:YAG) at a constant angular speed of ∼3.5° s−1 while operating at a repetition rate of 10 Hz. The scan results highlight known depolarization phenomena in clouds and precipitation, and contribute additional and often essential information for the unambiguous characterization of their liquid, solid, or mixed phase. Moreover, in rain and snow, there is an evident and at times spectacular dependence on the elevation angle. That dependence is very sensitive to crystal type and orientation, or raindrop shape. For the rain case, there is a definite need for calculations of the scattering phase matrix elements for slightly deformed and oscillating spheres because of the real potential for retrieving information on raindrop eccentricity from lidar depolarization scans.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".