First application of cast-in-place concrete large-diameter pipe (PCC) pile-reinforced railway foundation: a field study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cast-in-place concrete large-diameter pipe (PCC) piles have been widely used in highway construction for foundation reinforcement, where soft ground was encountered, due to their fast on-site construction and high capacity, hence economics. This paper reports the performance of their first application in high-speed railway foundation reinforcement on soft soil ground. To satisfy the strict settlement requirement for railway design, PCC piles with large diameters (D = 1 m), thick pile wall thicknesses (t = 0.15 m), and close spacing (s = 2.5 m) were constructed. The foundation performance has been monitored by measuring in situ foundation settlement, excess pore pressure in soil, lateral displacement of soil, and tension in the geogrid during and after embankment construction. The measurements of this project have been compared with that of a previous project when PCC piles were used. It is found that the PCC pile arrangement in this project has performed as predicted and fulfilled the strict settlement requirement set by the Chinese design guidelines.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".