INTRAERYTHROCYTIC DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIES OF<i>HEPATOZOON</i>INFECTING RANID FROGS: EVIDENCE FOR CONVERGENCE OF LIFE CYCLE CHARACTERISTICS AMONG APICOMPLEXANS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Intraerythrocytic development of the adeleorin apicomplexans Hepatozoon clamatae and Hepatozoon catesbianae were investigated in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, the green frog, Rana clamitans melanota, and the Northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens. Merozoites emerging from hepatic meronts penetrated erythrocytes and underwent 1-3 rounds of binary fission to produce 2-8 merozoites. Following their release from infected erythrocytes, individual merozoites entered new cells and transformed into gamonts. Although this is the first report of intraerythrocytic development for a fully described species of Hepatozoon, a phylogenetic reanalysis of 11 species of Hepatozoon, 6 species representative of the 5 other hemogregarine taxa, 2 species of dactylosomatids, and 2 species of piroplasms, indicates that asexual reproduction of parasites within blood cells of vertebrates has arisen at least 3 times in the apicomplexan lineage that includes adeleorins and piroplasms. This method of asexual development, which is also observed in species of hemospororin genera such as Plasmodium, is discussed in the context of the evolution of apicomplexan life cycles. In addition to supporting the paraphyly of the genus Hepatozoon determined in an earlier study, this phylogenetic analysis featured a monophyletic group, consisting of the sister taxa Hemolivia and Karyolysus, that was the sister group to a clade consisting of the more derived hemogregarines, the dactylosomatids, and the piroplasms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".