Transdermal Delivery of Insulin from a Novel Biphasic Lipid System in Diabetic Rats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Noninvasive transdermal insulin delivery could provide diabetic patients with sustained physiological levels of basal insulin in a pain-free manner. We have developed a novel transdermal lipid-based system (Biphasix) suitable for macromolecule delivery across the skin. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacological effects of the Biphasix-insulin delivery system in a diabetic rat model. Transdermal patches (one per animal) containing Biphasix-insulin formulation (10 mg of recombinant human insulin dose) were applied to the shaved abdominal skin of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats for 48 h. Blood glucose was monitored every 2-4 h using a Lifescan glucose meter. Serum insulin levels were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A decrease in blood glucose of 43.7 +/- 3.8% (mean +/- SEM, n = 25) was observed compared with initial blood glucose levels. The duration of the response was 51.5 +/- 3.7 h (mean +/- SEM, n = 25). Serum insulin after application of the transdermal Biphasix-insulin patch was 20.08 +/- 5.44 micro IU/mL (mean +/- SEM, n = 13) during the steady state, which was not statistically different from the insulin levels obtained 2 h after subcutaneous injection of 1 mg of recombinant human insulin solution. Insulin bioavailability from the transdermal Biphasix-insulin patches was 21.5 +/- 6.9% (mean +/- SEM, n = 13) based on serum insulin and 39.5 +/- 8.5% (mean +/- SEM, n = 25) based on the pharmacodynamic blood glucose-lowering effects. The Biphasix system successfully delivered insulin transdermally, as evidenced by a significant sustained decrease in blood glucose in diabetic rats, with a corresponding increase in serum insulin. These results support the feasibility of developing a transdermal insulin patch for human applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".