A Comparative Study of Coronary Atherosclerosis in Young and Old
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Atherosclerotic coronary artery disease is an important cause of sudden and unexpected deaths in the young people. It is assumed that thrombosis and plaque hemorrhage are commonly associated with sudden deaths from coronary atherosclerosis in the young. In this study, we compared the histological patterns of atherosclerosis in young and old populations to see whether an association exists between the histological pattern of atherosclerosis in the young and thrombosis or plaque hemorrhage. METHODS AND RESULTS: All autopsy cases of coronary atherosclerosis in young people (aged younger than 40 years) in comparison with an equal number of randomly selected older people (older than 65 years) over a period of 4 and a half years in the Provincial Forensic Pathology Unit of the Ontario Forensic Pathology Service in Toronto, Canada, were reviewed to characterize the gross and histologic appearance. There were 28 cases of atherosclerosis in young people ("the young"). Twenty-three (82%) of the young had eccentric atherosclerosis compared with 11 (39%) of the old. An inflammatory response was seen in all 28 (100%) of the young in comparison with 17 (61%) of the old. Thirteen (47%) of the young compared with 3 (11%) of the old had thrombosis, whereas 9 (32%) of the young and 17 (61%) of the old had plaque hemorrhage. Pultaceous debris was the principal component in 11 atherosclerotic plaques (39%) in the young, followed by foam cells in 7 (25%). In the older group, pultaceous debris was the principal component in 18 (64%) followed by dense fibrous tissue in 5 (18%). CONCLUSIONS: The morphology in coronary atherosclerosis of the young is significantly different from the old. Coronary atherosclerosis in the young commonly shows an eccentric distribution with associated inflammation. Thrombosis is commoner among the young, whereas plaque hemorrhage is commoner among the old.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".