Swelling phenomena and effective stress in compacted expansive clays
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The central aim of this paper is to discuss the applicability of the effective stress principle as defined by Terzaghi (total stress minus pore-water pressure) to predict the behaviour of expansive clay aggregates. Phenomena occurring between individual clay minerals are reviewed first at the molecular level obtained in the colloid science research. In particular, it is noted that, for interparticle distances higher than approximately 1.5 nm, the pore-water pressure in the bulk equilibrium solution forms an additive component of the interparticle disjoining pressure. It is concluded that for these distances Terzaghi’s effective stress principle should be adequate to describe the clay behaviour. To support these developments, an extensive experimental database of nine different sodium and calcium bentonites available in the published literature was analysed. With the aid of double structure constitutive modelling, procedures were developed to extract information about the behaviour of clay aggregates from the experimental measurements. It was then shown that unconfined water retention curves, swelling pressure tests, swelling under constant load tests, and mechanical unloading tests are all uniquely related in terms of the dependency of dry density (or void ratio) of clay aggregate versus mean effective stress. By considering reversibility of aggregate behaviour and full saturation of aggregates, this implies that the effective stress principle is a valid way of predicting expansive clay aggregate volumetric deformation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".