Damage to bridges due to the 27 February 2010 Chile earthquake
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper provides a summary of the damage to bridges in the M w 8.8 Chile earthquake of 27 February 2010. Lessons from the different types of structural damage observed on concrete and steel bridges are discussed. The important roles played by soil liquefaction, settlement and embankment failures are highlighted. Aspects such as shear failure of steel piles, shear failure of concrete substructure elements, failures and severe buckling of steel braces, failures of shear keys and restrainers at supports, and damage to girders due to lack of diaphragms are described. Many examples of loss of superstructure support are presented. Skew supports and multi-span simply supported bridges were particularly susceptible to loss of support. Several aspects of the Chilean bridge design code are discussed and compared with North American codes (CSA S6 and AASHTO).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".