SHELL STRUCTURE AND ITS BEARING ON THE PHYLOGENY OF LATE ORDOVICIAN–EARLY SILURIAN STROPHOMENOID BRACHIOPODS FROM ANTICOSTI ISLAND, QUÉBEC
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Four shell types are recognized from strophomenide brachiopods from Anticosti Island based on their fibrous or laminar character and on the type of taleolae. The shell types consistently co-vary with the types of cardinal process and style of socket plates. Treating shell structure as a conservative, non-reversing character implies that there are four groups of strophomenide brachiopod. The laminar-shell strophomenoids probably originated two separate times; one origination giving rise to two groups within the Strophomenida and one origination producing the Orthotetida. This matches the Treatise classification with only minor variation. The fourth group, that with fibrous shell and trilobed cardinal process and which includes the Plectambonitoidea, does not clearly fit into the Strophomenata and may be more closely related to the Clitambonitoidea. A limited cladistic analysis supports the idea that shell structure should be an important factor in establishing evolutionary kinship and points to ways of optimizing the Treatise classification.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".