Thermal Characteristics and Energy Balance of Various-Size Canadian Shield Lakes in the Mackenzie River Basin
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study addresses the thermal and energy budget characteristics of four different-size Canadian Shield lakes in the Mackenzie River basin during the ice-free season of 2000. The objectives are to characterize and compare the surface temperature and thermal structures, and to quantify the magnitudes and flux rates of the energy balance components of each lake. This study highlights the variability in thermal and energy balance characteristics arising from differences in mean lake depth and surface area. The lakes exhibit similar temporal patterns for air temperature, net radiation, wind speed, and wind direction. Net radiation and wind speed are highest over the largest lake, Great Slave Lake, due to colder surface temperatures and lengthy across-lake wind fetch, respectively. During the warming phase of the summer, surface temperature is inversely related to mean depth; however, during the cooling phase this relationship reverses. The shallowest of the four lakes remains isothermal during the entire ice-free period, while the three larger and deeper lakes are all dimictic. A lag in the onset of thermal stratification in the dimictic lakes is positively correlated with mean depth and surface area. Large evaporative water losses correspond to periods of low net radiation and cold dry air over Great Slave Lake. However, over the smaller, shallower lakes periods of high evaporation occur on days with high net radiation and warm, dry air. The capacity of larger lakes to store more heat results in longer ice-free periods and higher evaporation. Maximum heat content increases and occurs later for lakes of greater depth. Maximum evaporative rates occur later and cumulative evaporation is highest for lakes of greater depth and area. The ratios of total open water evaporation for the four lakes in order of size (smallest = 1.0) are 1.0 : 1.2 : 1.3 : 1.4. Evaporation magnitudes are discussed in the context of other temperate and high-latitude lake studies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".