Sublethal Effects of<i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i>Berliner subsp.<i>kurstaki</i>on<i>Lymantria dispar</i>(Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) and the Tachinid Parasitoid<i>Compsilura concinnata</i>(Diptera: Tachinidae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Parasitoid-pathogen interactions were examined using gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, and Compsilura concinnata (Meigen). The objectives of this study were to quantify effects of sublethal doses of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) force-fed to gypsy moths and to determine if sublethal doses of Bt affected host acceptance and suitability of gypsy moth for C. concinnata. Gypsy moths were minimally affected by sublethal doses of Bt; development of fourth instar was delayed, and male pupal mass reduced. Compsilura concinnata preferentially attacked and had higher superparasitism on noninfected hosts than on Bt-treated larvae. Exposure of gypsy moth to both sublethal doses of Bt and parasitoids reduced percentage parasitism and host larval survivorship. Effects on C. concinnata development varied with host superparasitism status. Parasitoids in Bt-treated, superparasitized gypsy moths had shorter larval development times and smaller pupal masses than parasitoids in untreated larvae, while parasitoids in singly parasitized larvae had larger pupal masses than those in superparasitized larvae. Timing of Bt infection relative to parasitism is a factor in gypsy moth mortality, but not in parasitoid potential fecundity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".