Severity of Depression among Elderly Women Attending Holy Quran Memorization Centers in Saudi Arabia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Depression is the most common mental health problem among the elderly, causing considerable morbidity worldwide, as well as increased healthcare costs. The purpose of this study was to determine the severity of depression among Saudi elderly women attending Quran Memorization Centers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: We recruited 340 participants aged 65 years and older from 11 Quran Memorization Centers in the cities of Dammam, Khobar and Dhahran in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. We used a structured interview questionnaire composed of socio-demographic characteristics and the Activity of Daily Living instrument to assess participants’ physical, social, and health-status conditions. In addition, we used the English version of the Geriatric Depression Scale and the Arabic version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment as the main screening instruments for depression and cognitive impairment respectively. Results: Severity of depression among all participants was 42.1%. Low monthly income, the absence of a caregiver, diabetes, disability, and sleep disturbance were identified as common factors associated with depression. Conclusion: The present study showed that depression in elderly females attending these centers was high and associated with multiple medical and socioeconomic characteristics, which is a cause of concern.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".