Bibliographic record
Abstract
The diversity and community composition of birds and seven insect taxa: butterflies and skippers (Lepidoptera); Carabidae (Coleoptera); Dolichopodidae, Syrphidae, Sphaeroceridae, Chloropidae (Diptera); Apoidea (Hymenoptera) were studied in old field habitats surrounded by different intensities of urbanization in the Montreal region. A total of 386 breeding birds of 42 species as well as 2255 migrating birds of 31 species were surveyed. More than 7000 insect specimens of 264 species were identified. Results indicate that, in terms of studied taxa, old field biodiversity remains fairly constant despite different surrounding land use. The exceptions were that butterfly and skipper species richness and number of Syrphidae specimens collected were both higher in suburban than periurban sites, and breeding birds were more abundant in rural areas compared to suburban ones. Breeding bird communities in suburban areas were most similar to one another. Despite these findings, the overarching pattern was that the diversity and community composition of birds and insects did not differ between old fields in suburban, periurban, or rural areas. Chloropidae was the only taxon influenced by surrounding land use, particularly by amounts of residential, industrial/commercial/transportation areas, and green space. Because of the differences in responses, none of the taxa were reliable bioindicators of diversity patterns in all the other taxa, however, some significant correlations between individual taxa were established.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".