The Effect of Laser Power on Photothermoacoustic Imaging of Blood Containing Gold Nanoparticles and Deoxygenation using a Frequency-Domain Phased Array Probe: An In-vitro Assay
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Imaging modality has a significant impact on clinical applications such as cancer diagnosis and therapy. We describe the in-vitro results of several samples which include whole blood only (S1); blood containing gold nanoparticles (Au NPs, S2); and deoxygenated blood (S5) using photoacoustic radar imaging (PARI). The results showed that blood with lower concentration Au NPs (S2) produces higher PA signals compared with a higher concentration sample (S3). After the optimization of concentration, three S1, S2 and S5 samples were selected for the imaging experiment. The PA signal amplitudes in all samples increased linearly up to 2.5 W in the order S5 > S2 > S1 from there onwards the signals decreased sharply. The cellular deformation time of S1 was found to be shorter than S2 and S5 but from 2.5 W afterwards S1 and S2 showed the same rate of decrease. The increase of signals in S1, S2 and S5 are thought to be due to hemoglobin, surface Plasmon resonance (SPR)-induced heating effects and release of choleoglobin and carboxyhemoglobin as oxidation products respectively. The consistent decrease in the signal amplitudes, however, at higher power levels is mainly attributed to the change of the thermo-optical properties of blood leading to decrease of the blood osmolarity due to temperature increase and hence causing irreversible deformation resulting in thermohemolysis of red blood cells (RBCs) which eventually degraded the photoacoustic signals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".