Impact of GPS and GALILEO Orbital Plane Drifts on Interoperability Performance Parameters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Today it is still open, whether the initial offset of 0 ° of GPS and GALILEO orbital planes already leads to best results, or if global performance can still be improved by initial offsets (RAAN) different from the nominal case. The implementation of any initial offset is easy to achieve and most likely neutral in cost. It can thus be regarded as an open parameter to be optimised accordingly. This paper provides a first assessment and characterises the impact of different GPS and GALILEO orbital plane orientations on the overall performance over the two regions of Europe and North America. First remarkable results and conclusions regarding the change in global performance as a function of the RAAN offset are drawn. Further, this paper also reflects some of the complementary results of contributions received from the Non-European Region of Canada to the EC GALILEI Interoperability Study. Both GPS and GALILEO satellite constellations have been designed independently and are optimised for standalone use. The GALILEO satellites are planned to be distributed on 3 orbital planes about 3400km above the GPS constellations which consists of 6 orbital
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".