The impact of an invasive predator (<i>Orconectes rusticus</i>) on freshwater snail communities: insights on habitat-specific effects from a multilake long-term study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Most studies of the impacts of invasive species are done at small spatial and short temporal scales, greatly limiting generalizations to natural ecosystems. In contrast, we examined the long-term, whole-lake impacts of predation by the introduced rusty crayfish ( Orconectes rusticus ) on snail communities in 10 lakes in northern Wisconsin, USA. In 1987 and 2002, crayfish and snails were surveyed in lakes that initially differed in O. rusticus abundance; during the 15 years between surveys, crayfish abundance changed substantially in four lakes. In the two lakes where O. rusticus populations increased from low to high densities, large reductions occurred in snail abundance. As predicted, snails declined much more in habitats preferred by O. rusticus (sand and cobble) than in habitats that are avoided by the crayfish (muck). In the two lakes where O. rusticus abundance decreased dramatically after 1987, no significant increase occurred in snail densities, illustrating the difference in response time of snail populations to release from predation relative to increasing predation. Contrary to prediction, no consistent difference in snail species composition existed between high and low crayfish density lakes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".