Is screening for type 2 diabetes worthwhile in adolescents and young adults in developing countries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
R M Gali, Y P Mamza, and J Adeonote, Department of Medical Laboratory Science; also D S Mshelia, Department of Chemical Pathology; all at College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria. Correspondence to Mrs Rebecca Mtaku Gali, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, ,Maiduguri, Nigeria. Email: rmgali@yahoo.com Introduction Type 2 diabetes was once a disease occurring primarily, if not exclusively, in adults. Today the age of diagnosis is disquietingly declining accounting for about 8% to 45% of all new cases of diabetes in children and teenagers.1–4 Various centres have reported a 10 to 30-fold increase in American children with type 2 diabetes in the past 10 to 15 years, and in the next 15 years it is anticipated that the global incidence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents will increase by up to 50%.2,3,5 An alarming increase is also noticed in Canada,6 the UK,7 urban South-Asia,8 and Japan.9 Hence there seem to be increasing reports of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents worldwide10 but a paucity of reports from Africa.11 However, according to a World Health Organization (WHO) non-communicable disease (NCD) surveillance report,12 and a report from the WHO regional office for Africa13 on the emerging NCD epidemic in that continent there is a wide dichotomy of prevalence of type 2 diabetes between rural and urban Abstract Reports of the age of diagnosis of type 2 diabetes are declining, with a paucity of information in Africa. We therefore screened young university undergraduates to determine the current status of fasting plasma glucose among adolescents and young adults in Africans living in Africa. Two hundred and thirty (230), age range 18 to 35 years, participated in the study. Mean (+SD) age was 23+6y, BMI 22.2+3.8 kg/m2, and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) 4.1+0.6 mmol/L. There was a positive but not a statistically significant correlation between BMI and FPG , but a statistically significant correlation between BMI and FPG in males but not in females. No subjects were found to have type 2 diabetes. areas, mainly due to a ‘westernised’ lifestyles, which are of concern to African diabetes services. The most important factor associated with the epidemic of type 2 diabetes and its declining age of onset is overweight/obesity and this appears to be due to increased calorie intake and a sedentary lifestyle.14–16 About half of patients with type 2 diabetes are diagnosed without symptoms and 50% have at least one diabetes-specific complication on diagnosis. Subsequently, the focus is increasing on the prevention, detection, and effective treatment of diabetes. We have screened young university undergraduates to demonstrate whether the declining age of onset of type 2 diabetes noticed in developed nations has started to manifest itself among adolescents and young adults in Africans living in Africa.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".