Subsurface Stormflow
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Subsurface stormflow is a runoff producing mechanism operating in most upland terrains. In a humid environment and steep terrain with conductive soils, subsurface stormflow may be the main mechanism of storm runoff generation. In drier climates and in lowlands with gentler topography, subsurface stormflow may occur only under certain extreme conditions (high antecedent soil moisture), when transient water tables form and induce lateral flow to the channel. While an important contributor to the volume of flow in the stream, subsurface stormflow is also responsible for the transport of labile nutrients into surface water bodies. Since the flow path of water in the subsurface often determines the chemistry of waters discharging into the stream and hence the water quality, characterizing this subsurface flow path and the water's age and origin is important. Subsurface stormflow may also enhance positive pore pressure development in steep terrain and may be responsible for landslide initiation. Thus, subsurface stormflow is of great interest and importance beyond the conventional hydrological literature. This article examines the history of the study of subsurface stormflow processes, reviews theories on the generation of subsurface stormflow, and gives a detailed overview of current research in subsurface flow processes and the implication for future research.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.027 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".