Electroconvulsive shock enhances striatal dopamine D1 and D3 receptor binding and improves motor performance in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a widely used and effective treatment for mood disorders and appears to have positive effects on the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), improving motor function for several weeks. Because repeated electroconvulsive shock (ECS) in normal animals enhances striatal dopamine (DA) D(1) and D(3) receptor binding, we hypothesized that upregulation of D(1) and D(3) receptors may also be occurring in the parkinsonian brain after repeated ECS treatment. METHODS: Rats were rendered hemi-parkinsonian through unilateral infusion of the DA-specific neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine into the medial forebrain bundle and substantia nigra. The animals were tested for hindlimb and forelimb function before and 48 hours after the last of 10 daily treatments with ECS or sham. After sacrifice, DA receptor binding was determined autoradiographically. RESULTS: While there was no increase in forelimb use in the cylinder test, ECS treatment significantly improved hindlimb motor performance on a tapered beam-walking test and enhanced striatal D(1) and D(3) receptor binding, without affecting D(2) receptor binding. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that at least part of the mechanism of action of ECT in PD may be enhanced DA function within the direct pathway of the basal ganglia and may support the further study and use of ECT as a potential adjunct treatment for PD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".