Preparation of Solid and Hollow Asphaltene Fibers by Single Step Electrospinning
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electrospinning has been used to produce micrometer size fibers, both solid and hollow from non-covalently associating small molecules of a low grade hydrocarbon reject of crude oil, asphaltene. Asphaltene defined as a solubility class of crude oil is by no means a polymer but relatively large organic molecule of molecular weight ranging from 500 to 1000 Dalton. The production of asphaltene fibers is feasible by electrospinning because of its unique molecular structure which allows molecular aggregation. Fibers with diameter ranging from 2–20 μm were successfully spun from an asphaltene in toluene solution. Adding 2% hydrogen peroxide enhances electrospinning, leading to formation of hollow fibers, whereas adding 2% water inhibits electrospinning. The structure and morphology of the electrospun fibers were investigated with optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy. The electrospun asphaltene fibers offer the potential for direct fabrication of membranes without use of multiple synthetic steps, complex electrospinning designs, or post processing surface treatments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".