Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since the 1990s, we have seen three forms of negativity towards immigra tion in Western societies: xenophobia, a strong rejection of asylum seekers and illegal migrants, and Islamophobia (Cole 2009), a term coined in 1997 in Britain by Runnymede Trust to describe extreme hostility towards Mus lims. In this chapter, three ideological foundations of the hostility towards Islam by significant segments of the Canadian population will be described (i.e. the belief in the forward socioeconomic and political progress of West ern societies and in the backwardness of Muslim cultures and societies; a narrow, ethnocentric definition of gender roles; the opposition to any politi cal influence by faithbased organizations; and a fundamentalist view of the separation between State and Church). These ideological foundations help to understand the negative discourses on ‘Islam’ in Canada, notably in Quebec, where cultural nationalism, ultralaicism, and defiance of judicial power are strong.3
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.016 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".