Bibliographic record
Abstract
Atlanticism and Europeanism in Italian Security Osvaldo Croci Professor, Department of Political Science Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada, A1B 3X9 olgcroci@gmail.com Introduction Since May 1994 centre-right and centre-left coalitions have alternated in government in Italy. Each time a new coalition was voted in, political leaders, partisan observers and a few academics sounded the alarm arguing that the new government would bring, among other things, dramatic changes in foreign policy. The most recurring argument has been that centre-right governments would privilege Atlanticism over Europeanism whereas centre-left ones would reverse these priorities. These arguments are somewhat surprising since one does not have to be a full-fledged neo-realist to recognize that in the absence of major changes in the international system, the fundamentals of a state’s foreign policy are more likely to be marked by overall continuity rather than periodical changes. Since the end of World War II only one major change in the international system has occurred, namely the end of bipolarity in the early 1990s. One should therefore expect any significant change in Italian foreign policy to have occurred soon after the end of the Cold War and to have been primarily a minor adjustment to the passage from bipolarity to unipolarity in the international system. This paper analyses the relationship between Atlanticism (defined as support for the Atlantic Alliance) and Europeanism (defined as support for the process of European integration) in Italian foreign policy. Its central argument is that Atlanticism and Europeanism are not two alternative and therefore mutually exclusive policies whereby to a strengthening of Atlanticism, for instance, shall necessary correspond an equal weakening of Europeanism, as implicitly
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".