Technology innovation and the importance of unconventional gas resources in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The growth of production from the Canadian oil sands and the associated upgrading, refining and chemical industries all rely heavily on conventional natural gas resources. Natural gas production in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin (WCSB), however, has reached a plateau and has begun to decline. In addition the highest natural gas prices in the world are found in North America. The declining supply and high prices provide urgency to decrease the dependence on natural gas. The availability of vast quantities of unconventional gas (coal bed methane, tight and sour gas) provides opportunities to replace the declining conventional gas resources. However very significant technical challenges remain to achieve economic production for the majority of these resources. In addition to unconventional gas a large range of feedstocks (coal, petroleum coke, oil sands residue and biomass) are available in Alberta that are ideally suited for gasification technology to produce power, hydrogen, steam, and chemicals that are currently being produced by using natural gas. Indeed the first commercial gasifier in Canada which will become the largest liquid feed gasifier in the world is being constructed by Opti-Nexen and will be operational by 2009. Several other companies are in the design and engineering phases for using gasification. This presentation will review the important geological and reservoir characteristics of the unconventional gas resources in the WCSB and the recovery processes being tested or developed. As well, the presentation will describe the features and benefits of shifting to the use of gasification technology, including minimizing the environmental risks associated with water use, CO2 and other emissions.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".