NMDA-induced Excitotoxicity and Lactate Dehydrogenase Assay in Primary Cultured Neurons
Bibliographic record
Abstract
N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR)-mediated excitotoxicity is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of a large number of chronic neurodegenerative disorders (such as Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s diseases to mental illnesses) in addition to acute brain insults such as stroke and brain trauma. Understanding the mechanisms underlying NMDAR-mediated excitotoxicity may lead to development of novel therapeutics for treating neurological diseases. Stimulation of primary cultured neurons with excessive NMDA is widely used as an in vitro model for studying NMDAR-mediated excitotoxicity, which allows careful dissection of the detailed cellular mechanisms underlying excitotoxic neuronal death.Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a cytoplasmic enzyme which can convert NAD into NADH. LDH is released from cells into culture medium when the plasma membrane integrity is compromised. Therefore, the amount of released LDH represents the degree of cell death. In our current study, the extracellular LDH level was measured using an in vitro Toxicology Assay Kit obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. The basis of this LDH assay is: 1) LDH reduces NAD into NADH, 2) the resulting NADH is then utilized in the stoichiometric conversion of a tetrazolium dye, and 3) the resulting colored compound is measured by a spectrophotometric microplate reader at a wavelength of 490 nm. The cell death rate was expressed as a percentage (%) between the absorbance of treated group and that of control group.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".