Uplift soil–pipe interaction in granular soil
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Soil–pipeline interaction for uplift in granular soil is evaluated by means of a two-dimensional, finite element (FE) continuum model with a Mohr–Coulomb (MC) yield surface for peak strength, a strain-softening relationship tied to critical void conditions, and an equivalent modulus that is consistent with soil deformation at maximum uplift resistance. The model accounts for soil migration beneath the pipe through FE mesh adjustment coordinated with upward pipe displacement. A systematic comparison of model results with multiple full-scale test measurements of pipe in dry sand show excellent agreement both with respect to maximum force and force–displacement relationships, including post-peak performance. The relationship between peak upward force and pipe depth is developed for various sand densities, all of which show maximum force at a depth-to-diameter ratio of 30. Hyperbolic and bilinear models for vertical upward force versus displacement are presented. The analytical approach described in this paper benefits from its adaptation to MC strength selection available in many commercial software packages.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".