Uneven inputs of woody debris to Appalachian streams from superstorm Sandy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Headwater streams are the beginnings of fluvial networks and therefore fill a critical role in the development of the Earth’s drainages. Therefore, it is important that we understand the role that disturbances have on these systems and how they translate disturbance downstream. Hurricane Sandy struck the eastern seaboard of the United States in late October 2012 and produced record snowfall in the Appalachian Mountains, which caused widespread destruction of trees and subsequent deposition of large wood (LW; pieces ≥1.0 m × 0.05 m) in many headwater streams throughout the region. We investigated these effects in 25 West Virginia headwater streams and found varying levels (0%–195% change from previous annual data; 0–820 LW pieces·km −1 ) of new wood additions. When compared with years prior to Sandy, the rate of LW deposition was significant across all size classes and streams (p < 0.0001). We also found a significantly (p < 0.01) negative pattern of LW impact based upon elevation, with higher elevations receiving lower levels of LW deposition. This research provides a unique glimpse at the initial magnitude of natural wood addition on headwater streams following a large disturbance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".