Finite Element Modelling of a Pulsed Eddy Current Probe for Steam Generator Tube Inspection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Steam generator (SG) tubes in CANDU ® nuclear reactors can lose efficiency in the presence of corrosion and its by-products. Current inspection methods used in SG tubes have limited capabilities to determine the condition of surrounding support structures. Condition monitoring of support structures could help direct maintenance activities and thereby increase SG tube lifetime. Pulsed eddy current (PEC) has been proposed as a method to non-destructively determine the presence of defects in support structures. COMSOL Multiphysics was used to study a PEC probe configuration for measurement of SG tube-to-support structure gap, offset and relative tilt. Basic analytical models and experimental results were compared with COMSOL finite element (FE) modeling results. Analytical and FE models were in excellent agreement. FE, which is capable of modeling the more complex electromagnetic interactions between probe, SG tube and support structure, provided an excellent qualitative description of experimental results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".