Bibliographic record
Abstract
1I will not refer to this hypothesis further as it is in relatively good shape and has been adequately reviewed in a series of reports. 2-7 We desperately needed a treatment for schizophrenia. Our hypothesis led to the conclusion that large doses (three grams per day) of vitamin B3, niacin or niacinamide, might be helpful in reversing the reaction that produced excess adrenochrome. In 1951, I obtained fifty pounds of pure niacin and fifty pounds of pure niacinamide from Merck and Co., and our hospital pharmacist made it up into 500 mg capsules. The largest dosage in commercial tablets was 100 mg but the fillers in these tablets, given 30 daily, would have made our patients sick. A mental hospital in southern California made a halfhearted attempt to try niacin but was not allowed to use anything stronger than 100 mg. Patients became sick on the 30 tablets daily. Before we could start our pilot trials I had to know something about its toxicity. As I suspected, niacin was non-toxic, but did have some undesirable effects and would have to be used knowing these potential side effects; the same of course applies to food and water. Niacin and niacinamide were available over the counter in very small doses, the usual vitamin doses. It had been given in large doses to some patients with chronic pellagra. Acute pellagra patients responded very quickly to these small vitamin doses but chronic patients often needed up to 600 mg daily. Over sixty years ago, during the height of the great depression, this dose of pure niacin was very high and was not encouraged. The literature did not contain very much material about toxicity, chiefly because it was considered safe by all the established medical associations who commented on it. Merck prepared comprehensive bulletins outlining its properties. When we started in 1951, only one physician had given the doses we were going to use, (three grams per day). Dr. William Kaufman began to use niacinamide in 1945 for treating diseases of aging including the arthritides. He gave 500 mg four times daily but I did not know this until 1957. We were the second group to go above 600 mg daily. We did that because it had been used in much smaller doses for treating patients with depression. A small proportion responded but most did not. We assumed that had it been therapeutic in lower doses for schizophrenia this would have been reported, and our hypothesis called for enough niacin to absorb methyl groups and thus to decrease the formation of adrenalin and therefore of adrenochrome.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".