Bibliographic record
Abstract
Standard theories of insurgency hold that marginalization from centers of power provide insurgents with social space to develop coherent organizational and ideological challenges to authority.Insurgents in recent cases of state collapse, however, do not develop ideological or organizational alternatives.This is due to the particular nature of state collapse, especially where rulers had used informal institutional networks to control populations.As formal bureaucratic institutions collapse, remnants of patronage networks coopt would-be ideological fighters.Strongmen use armed fighters to control fragments of the old patronage economy.This empowers enterprising fighters interested in personal wealth at the expense of ideologues.This dynamic is illustrated with reference to vigilante groups in Nigeria, especially the Bakassi Boys of Anambra State, which initially develop as anti-corruption and antiregime fighters, then become incorporated into the strategies of the politicians whom they fight.The course of internal warfare in Sierra Leone and former Yugoslavia provide further illustration of this process.Looting, banditry, greedy, self-interested warlords and well-heeled arms traffickers dominate images of warfare in places like Congo, Liberia, Somalia, Sierra Leone, Colombia and Chechnya.Recent international attention to the problem of "conflict diamonds"-gems that warring groups mine and then trade for arms-has brought this economic dimension of warfare to a broader audience.Even in Côte d'Ivoire, where mass protests in October 2000 were initially lauded in the international press as a sequel to Serbian democrats' overthrow of Milosevic, closer examination reveals the considerable influence of elite factional struggles for power and control over patronage resources.That combatants fight for loot and personal profit in the midst of warfare is hardly new.What is new about post-cold war internal wars and rebellions, especially in Africa, is the extent to which economic interests appear to predominate, crowding out those who organize followers around ideologically motivated reform and revolutionary appeals.I argue that this is because these wars and rebellions constitute a special category of conflict.They are the consequence of the collapse of state institutions.This change in the nature of violence presents ideological leaders with much greater difficulties in organizing collective action.The failure of opposition groups to build alternative mass-based political movements or to develop indigenous strategies for addressing the pressures and chal- -----------------
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".