The origin of Canada Hill — A result of strike-slip deformation and hydraulically powered uplift at the Pleistocene/Holocene border?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Canada Hill, located in the centre of Miri City in Sarawak, is roofed by terrace deposits of Pleistocene/Holocene age, which implies a very young uplift of this complex anticline. The present-day Canada Hill structure is explained by strike-slip deformation, in conjunction with a semi-liquid pillow of Setap Formation clay. Horizontal pressure acting in NW-SE direction, and the likely presence of a strike-slip system with late inversion triggered a 'diapiric' remobilization of the clay reservoir. The flow of liquefied clay was refocused upwards, namely in direction of the lowest pressure. Miri Formation remnants, the roof of forming clay pillow, and overlying Quarternary terrace deposits, were subsequently uplifted and emerged from the Pleistocene peneplain. However, the adjacent country rock, including the main part of the Miri Field, was hardly affected. Assuming a hydraulic uplift in the order of 400 feet and a lithostatic pressure gradient of 0.9 psi/foot, lateral pressure above the 360 psi equilibrium pressure would have prompted the clay core to move. It is noted that all current oil seepages in the hill area are related to fault systems that were reactivated at the Pleistocene/Holocene border, and an extinct mud volcano of the Canada Hill was also sighted at Tanjong Lobang, this being an obvious indication that overpressured fluids had escaped from the centre of Canada Hill. In addition, other potential areas of hydraulic uplift located in Brunei and Sabah, particularly the well-documented Jerudong and Belait Anticlines are also discussed for comparison with the observations derived from Canada Hill to support the new structural model proposed in this study.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".