Natural sources of trace metals from minerals in soils near smelters in the Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, and Sudbury, Ontario, areas
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study forms part of a larger Metals in the Environment Research Network (MITE-RN) project to examine metal dynamics in soils in order to distinguish between and quantify contributions of metals from anthropogenic and natural sources. This study characterized the mineralogy of six soil samples from the Rouyn-Noranda and Sudbury areas in order to identify minerals that can be a source of trace metals and to determine suitable mineral fractions for future weathering experiments. The silt-sized, clay-sized, and heavy mineral fractions from B/C horizons were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Mineralogy at all sites from both areas were comparable. The silt- and clay-sized fractions are dominated by quartz, plagioclase, and K-feldspar with minor chlorite, amphibole, and pyroxene. The heavy mineral fractions contain titanite, zircon, hematite, and magnetite. Due to insufficient amounts of fractionated material, the whole soil will be used in the weathering experiments with sequential extraction analyses of the fractions for comparison.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".