Bibliographic record
Abstract
Salmonella bacteria can be commonly found in the intestinal tracts of many animals including swine. These bacteria in food producing animals are of concern since the organisms may contaminate food products and cause clinical salmonellosis in humans. Salmonella can also cause disease in domestic animals, which is the focus of this paper. Reports of clinical diarrhea and deaths due to Salmonella have increased in recent years. The swine industry must maintain its focus on control and reduction of salmonella to minimize clinical disease and the risk of salmonella in the food chain. BACKGROUND Salmonellosis has been a concern in human and animal health for a long time. The main concern is its role in foodborne illness in humans. It can also result in clinical disease in livestock. This paper deals with the clinical disease in pigs as it has been seen recently in some Canadian herds. Salmonella Facts Salmonella is the name of the genus of a group of bacteria that can be found everywhere in the world. It can be found in the intestinal tract and other body areas of all vertebrate animals. These bacteria are classified by serotype, some of which are only found in one species of host animal. Salmonella bacteria of these specific serotypes are collectively called host-adapted serotypes. Examples of these are Salmonella choleraesuis in pigs and Salmonella pullorum in chickens. More troublesome are some of the members of the more than 2000 non-species adapted salmonella serotypes. These can infect multiple host species, have been implicated in human disease, and are implicated in most food-borne salmonella infections. All serotypes can cause disease, however a small number appear to cause most of the salmonelloses seen in people and pigs. The most common Salmonella serotypes isolated from humans and animals are: S. typhimurium, S. enteriditis, S. derby, S. infantis, and S. heidelberg. Salmonella are hardy and ubiquitous in the environment. They can multiply at 7 to 45°C, survive freezing and drying well and thus can survive outside all winter. The bacteria can survive for weeks, months, and even years in suitable organic material. For example, Salmonella has been reported to survive for 8 months in meat-meal fertilizer, and 47 days in
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.011 | 0.031 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.010 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.009 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".