The Expanding Market for Herbal, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants In Nigeria and the International Scene
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Herbal, medicinal and aromatic plants (HMAP) are popular sources of materials used in alternative medicine, new drugs and other products used for health care. The trade in HMAP, especially medicinal plants (MP), is expanding into new market segments whether as herbal components of health foods or preventative medicines. They are processed into varying products which address similar diseases to which over-the-counter (OTC) medications are applied. This paper attempts a review of the global market for HMAP products focusing on product identification and classification, size and scope of the market, standards and regulations and key players in the global trade. Despite the problem encountered in classifying some traditional products of MP, fortified foods and dietary supplements as “food supplements” or “phyto-medicines,” one popular basis for classification of HMAP products is the purpose of use. Another classification used when considering export of HMAP products is the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding (HCDC) system which uses an internationally standardized tariff nomenclature for traded commodities. The market for HMAP products is a relatively young, emerging and small one in Nigeria and there is difficulty in establishing for the market, a reasonable monetary value. The Nigerian HMAP product market is dichotomized into two distinct categories of suppliers; local producers and those distributing imported products. While local producers offer products claimed to have the potency to treat some disease conditions addressed by OTC drugs, distributors of imported HMAP products usually market dietary supplements. At the global level also, there is a small but growing niche market for HMAP products which was valued at about USD13 billion in 2010. In both Nigeria and the global scene, there is the tendency for the market for HMAP products to continue to grow due to increasing consumer preference for natural, healthy, sustainably produced and fairly traded products over synthetic ones. Even though standards and regulations for HMAP products market are still not fully developed, they have been established and are operational in countries such as Canada, China, Nigeria and USA. A significant and commendable stride is being made by the European Union in establishing standards and regulations governing the market for HMAP products. These standards and regulations encompass good manufacturing practice relating to medicinal products which are meant especially for human and veterinary use.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".