Upper Ordovician shale gas and oil in Quebec: Sedimentological, geochemical and thermal frameworks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary In eastern USA, significant industry interest has recently focused on Upper Ordovician black shales in Ohio that is the liquid-rich Utica Shale. As in Ohio and New York, the Upper Ordovician black shales in Quebec (Utica and Macasty) form a thick marine clastic succession that overlies the predominantly shallow marine carbonate facies of the Cambrian-Ordovician St. Lawrence Platform. Over the years, the hydrocarbon exploration targets in southern Quebec consisted primarily of the dolomitized facies of the carbonate platform (e.g., Beekmantown, Trenton-Black River), a small field (St. Flavien) was exploited and some sub-economic discoveries made. When drilling for the deep targets, gas kicks and/or oil shows, sometimes very significant, were almost invariably reported when intercepting the Utica and Macasty shales. Geochemical analyses of the typical dark shales of both units led to the recognition of their significant hydrocarbon source rock potential as well as preliminary mapping of thermal maturation. For the Utica Shale, extensive testing of its potential to release natural gas through high pressure hydraulic fracturing started a few years ago. It has been shown that the calcareous shales of the Utica have the capacity to release significant volume of natural gas, whereas a liquid-rich window has been identified near Quebec City; a situation in line with our current understanding of regional thermal maturation in southern Quebec. On Anticosti Island, preliminary data from the industry indicate that the Macasty shales are, at least locally, oil-rich. However, the potential of these shales to release economic volume of oil is still unknown.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".