Scavenging on European bison carcasses in Bialowieza Primeval Forest (eastern Poland)
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
AbstractWe investigated the utilization of European bison, Bison bonasus, carcasses by the scavenging guild in Bialowieza Primeval Forest (eastern Poland) during 1997-2001. Twelve carcasses were monitored in systematic visits till total depletion (N=303). Thirteen species of birds and mammals utilized bison carcasses. Most frequent scavengers and their mean scavenging frequencies (mean percentage of visits to each carcass with a given scavenger species recorded) were raven, Corvus corax, 72% red fox, Vulpes vulpes, 41% wolf, Canis lupus, 29% common buzzard, Buteo buteo, 23% raccoon dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides, 20% and white-tailed eagle, Haliaeetus albicilla, 16%. Ravens and white-tailed eagles were observed significantly more often at carcasses placed in clearings than at those exposed in the forest. The opposite was recorded for raccoon dogs. Manifest habitat segregation was also found for flocks of immature ravens and territorial pairs. Wolves had an important facilitation effect for other species and triggered their scavenging activity. Bison carcasses were utilized for an average of 106 ± 61 days (mean ± SD), to over 80% of live weight consumed. The estimated mean daily consumption by all scavengers was 3 kg day-1 (range 0-68), being highest during the first 2 weeks (6.8 ± 6.2 kg day-1). The utilization time of bison carcasses depended on the index of carcass openness, the number of wolf feeding visits to the carcass, the date of carcass exposure, and the habitat type (forest versus open clearings). Ambient temperature had a significant effect on the rate of carcass depletion, while the effects of snow cover and precipitation were negligible.Résumé:Nous avons étudié l’utilisation des carcasses du bison européen Bison bonasus par les animaux charognards à la Forêt Vierge de Bialowieza, en Pologne de l’Est, de 1997 à 2001. Nous avons suivi 12 carcasses jusqu’à ce qu’elles soient complètement consommées au cours de visites systématiques (N=303). Treize espèces d’oiseaux et de mammifères ont utilisé les carcasses de bison. Parmi celles-ci, les plus fréquentes étaient (ainsi que le pourcentage moyen de visites à chaque carcasse selon l’espèce) : le corbeau Corvus corax (72 %), le renard roux Vulpes vulpes (41 %), le loup Canis lupus (29 %), la buse variable Buteo buteo (23 %), le chien viverrin Nyctereutes procyonoides (20 %) et le pygargue à queue blanche Haliaeetus albicilla (16 %). Les corbeaux et les pygargues à queue blanche ont été observés plus souvent aux carcasses placées dans les clairières qu’à celles situées dans les forêts. Le contraire a été observé chez les chiens viverrins. Nous avons également remarqué une ségrégation des habitats chez les corbeaux, entre les individus immatures et les couples territoriaux. Les loups ont un rôle important en facilitant le travail des autres espèces nécrophages et en incitant ces dernières à entreprendre leurs activités de charognards. Les carcasses de bison étaient utilisées en moyenne pendant 106 ± 61 jours (moyenne ± écart type) pour plus de 80 % du poids de l’animal vivant consommé. En moyenne, chaque jour, les charognards consommaient 3 kg (de 0 à 68 kg) de nourriture sur les carcasses. C’est pendant les deux premières semaines que cette consommation était la plus élevée (6,8 ± 6,2 kg jour-1). Le temps d’utilisation des carcasses de bison dépendait du degré d’ouverture de la carcasse, du nombre de visites de loups se nourrissant des carcasses, de la date d’exposition de la carcasse et du type d’habitat (forêt ou clairière). La température ambiante a eu un effet significatif sur le taux de consommation des carcasses. Le couvert nival et les précipitations ont eu des effets négligeables.Key Words: Bison carcassesCanis lupusCarcass utilizationCarrion consumptionCorvus coraxHabitat segregationScavengersTemperate forestsMots-clés:: Canis lupusCarcasses de bisonCharognards (nécrophages)Consommation de charogneCorvus coraxForêts tempéréesSégrégation des habitatsUtilisation de carcassesHonackiKinman & Koeppl1982Mirek et al.1995Mielczarek & Cichocki1999
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it