A revision of the southern South American genus Bolborhinum Boucomont (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae: Bolboceratinae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The genus Bolborhinum Boucomont (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae: Bolboceratinae: Bolboceratini) is revised and now contains eight species: B. geotrupoides (Laporte), B. laesicolle (Fairmaire), B. nasutum (Fairmaire and Germain), B. seai (Martínez), B. shajovskoyi (Martínez), B. tricorne (Solier), B. trilobulicorne new species, and B. tubericeps (Fairmaire). The genus Bolborhinum is redescribed and a key to species in English and Spanish, a checklist, distributional and temporal data, and designation of lectotypes and neotypes are given. All species in the genus are diagnosed and illustrated, and distributional records with maps for all species are included. Additionally, some observations on the natural history of Bolborhinum species are presented. One new synonym is proposed: Bolboceras binasutum Fairmaire and Germain is synonymized under Bolborhinum geotrupoides. Lectotypes are designated for the following species-group names: Bolboceras binasutum Fairmaire and Germain (a junior synonym of Bolborhinum geotrupoides), Bolboceras distinguendum Fairmaire and Germain (a junior synonym of Bolborhinum geotrupoides), Bolboceras laesicolle Fairmaire (now Bolborhinum laesicolle), Bolboceras nasutum Fairmaire and Germain (now Bolborhinum nasutum), Bolboceras tetraodon Redtenbacher (a junior synonym of Bolborhinum tubericeps), Bolboceras tricorne Solier (now Bolborhinum tricorne), and Bolboceras tubericeps Fairmaire (now Bolborhinum tubericeps). Neotypes are designated for the following species-group names: Bolboceras andicolaPhilippi (a junior synonym of Bolborhinum nasutum), Bolboceras bicorne Philippi (a junior synonym of Bolborhinum tubericeps), Bolboceras excavatum Philippi (a junior synonym of Bolborhinum laesicolle), and Bolboceras geotrupoides Laporte (now Bolborhinum geotrupoides). Additionally, we here elevate the subgenera Pereirabolbus Martínez and Zefevazia Martínez to the generic level based on morphological comparisons with the genus Bolborhinum. As a result, the following combinations reflect this change in status: Pereirabolbus castaneus (Klug), Pereirabolbus tucumanensis (Boucomont), Zefevazia cantisanii (Martínez), Zefevazia peruana (Boucomont), Zefevazia quinquedentata (Felsche), and Zefevazia rosascostai Martínez. These changes are congruent with the generic concepts of Bolboceratinae from other parts of the world, and with the modern classification of the group.El género Bolborhinum Boucomont (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae: Bolboceratinae: Bolboceratini) es revisado y ahora contiene ocho especies: B. geotrupoides (Laporte), B. laesicolle (Fairmaire), B. nasutum (Fairmaire y Germain), B. seai (Martínez), B. shajovskoyi (Martínez), B. tricorne (Solier), B. trilobulicorne nueva especie, y B. tubericeps (Fairmaire). El género Bolborhinum es redescrito, se presentan claves en inglés y español para la identificación de todas las especies, se proveen caracteres diagnósticos, descripciones e ilustraciones. Además se incluye un listado taxonómico, registros de distribución con mapas y se designan lectotipos y neotipos cuando corresponda. Adicionalmente algunas observaciones biológicas del género Bolborhinum son presentadas. Una nueva sinonimia es propuesta: Bolboceras binasutum Fairmaire y Germain es sinonimizado bajo Bolborhinum geotrupoides. Lectotipos son designados para los siguientes nombres: Bolboceras binasutum Fairmaire y Germain (sinónimo menor de Bolborhinum geotrupoides), Bolboceras distinguendum Fairmaire y Germain (sinónimo menor de Bolborhinum geotrupoides), Bolboceras laesicolle Fairmaire (ahora Bolborhinum laesicolle), Bolboceras nasutum Fairmaire y Germain (ahora Bolborhinum nasutum), Bolboceras tetraodon Redtenbacher (sinónimo menor de Bolborhinum tubericeps), Bolboceras tricorne Solier (ahora Bolborhinum tricorne), y Bolboceras tubericeps Fairmaire (ahora Bolborhinum tubericeps). Neotipos son designados para los siguientes nombres: Bolboceras andicola Philippi (sinónimo menor de Bolborhinum nasutum), Bolboceras bicorne Philippi (sinónimo menor Bolborhinum tubericeps), Bolboceras excavatum Philippi (sinónimo menor de Bolborhinum laesicolle), y Bolboceras geotrupoides Laporte (ahora Bolborhinum geotrupoides). Adicionalmente, nosotros elevamos los subgéneros Pereirabolbus Martínez y Zefevazia Martínez a nivel genérico basado en la comparación morfológica con el género Bolborhinum. Como resultado, los siguientes combinaciones reflejan este cambio de estatus: Pereirabolbus castaneus (Klug), Pereirabolbus tucumanensis (Boucomont), Zefevazia cantisanii (Martínez), Zefevazia peruana (Boucomont), Zefevazia quinquedentata (Felsche), y Zefevazia rosascostai Martínez. Estos cambios son congruentes con los conceptos genéricos de Bolboceratinae de otras partes del mundo, y con la clasificación moderna del grupo.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".