Pre-Storm Ionospheric Oxygen Ions between the Ionosphere and the Inner Magnetosphere
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The prompt appearance of energetic O+ ions in the ring current in the growth phase of a magnetic storm raises the interesting question of the possible role of O+ ions between the ionosphere and the plasma sheet and ring current immediately preceding the main phase of a magnetic storm. We examine oxygen ion transport from the highaltitude polar ionosphere in the quiet-time periods immediately preceding a series of five large magnetic storms (Dst < -100 nT) in Solar Cycle 23, using single-particle trajectory simulations in conjunction with Akebono ion measurements and related IMF and convection electric field data. Observed low-energy O+ ions on Akebono in the quiet-time high-altitude auroral and polar cap ionosphere (7000 km) are found to have temperatures of about 0.2-0.3 eV and flow velocities of a few km/s, and a portion of the ions undergo centrifugal acceleration at higher altitudes (above about 3 Earth radii (altitude)), resulting in a low but non-negligible O+ ion flux between the ionosphere and the plasma sheet and ring current that is dependent on IMF as well as Kp: up 30% of the observed low-energy O+ ions reach the plasma sheet, and more of the ions reach the dusk than dawn, corresponding to an O+ mass source rate of 0.14 kg/s and a “plasma sheet filling time” of 6.7 hr near solar maximum, assuming a plasma sheet oxygen density of 0.1 per cc.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it