Physical mechanisms underlying the acoustic signature of breaking waves
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The characteristic sound of breaking waves is an integral component of the ambient noise along the coastline. The underwater noise generation from breaking waves has been thoroughly studied, but very little work has been published on the airborne noise caused by breaking waves. Acoustic recordings from a field study were analyzed in an attempt to determine the noise generation mechanisms. A microphone was deployed at Osborne Head, Nova Scotia from June – August 2011 on a grassy cliff above a beach with abundant breaking wave activity. Photographs, weather and ocean wave data were collected to assist in interpreting the audio recordings. Individual breaking wave events were located in the data and their third-octave band spectra were analyzed. The sound pressure levels in the 50 to 315 Hz bands increased by 5 to 20 dB as the wave breaking occurred. The frequency range of the disturbance was used to postulate the breaking wave mechanisms which give rise to its characteristic sound: falling water impacting the surface and the large collapsing air volume present for wave heights greater than 1 m.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".