A new approach to tailings management : the granular cover system
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The challenge of effectively isolating sulphide bearing waste rock and tailings requires that oxidation of sulphides be prevented and/or the escape of interstitial salt solutions from the tailings mass be prevented. The establishment of a water cover over top of tailings has been demonstrated to effectively reduce the oxidation of sulphides and thereby minimize acid generation and metal leaching. A new approach to the control of sulphide tailings oxidation is being developed by Falconbridge Limited and Lakefield Research Limited. The technique under development involves the establishment of a composite cover of inorganic minerals, of appropriate layer thickness, hydraulic properties and composition over the deposit in such a way that both evaporation and surface run-off are greatly reduced and/or eliminated. The granular cover system is suitable to tailings deposits that have a gentle slope and do not contain large hydraulic discontinuities. The system is also best suited to geographical site locations where precipitation is not a limiting factor. This paper describes the development of the granular cover system from bench scale testwork through to pilot field scale evaluation and summarizes the results from three consecutive years of field monitoring.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".