TREE SAPLING AND SHRUB HEIGHTS AFTER 25 YEARS OF LIVESTOCK GRAZING IN GREEN ASH DRAWS IN WESTERN NORTH DAKOTA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Stem heights of green ash and American elm saplings and five shrub species were measured over 25 years with two treatments, 1) livestock present and 2) livestock excluded from woodland draws in western North Dakota. Heights of green ash and American elm saplings and Saskatoon serviceberry, spiny current, and western snowberry increased when livestock were excluded. Common chokecherry was taller throughout the 25-year period on the grazed treatment. Wood’s rose was the exception and decreased overall under both treatments, but was generally taller on the ungrazed treatment. Significant differences in stem heights were observed between treatments within 3-4 years after livestock were excluded; wildlife could graze both treatments. All American elm saplings died within livestock grazed sites during the study, but heights increased 22% over this period when livestock were excluded. Green ash saplings experienced a growth rate five times greater when cattle were excluded. Saskatoon serviceberry and common chokecherry experienced stem growth rates 2-5 times greater, respectively, when livestock were excluded.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".