Resilient modulus of unsaturated subgrade soil: experimental and theoretical investigations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The resilient modulus, M R , of subgrade soil is an important stiffness parameter for analysing fatigue cracking in either the asphalt or concrete layer of a pavement. Although subgrade soil is often unsaturated and subject to seasonal variations of moisture content and hence suction in the field, effects of soil suction on the resilient modulus are generally not accounted for in existing testing methods. In this study, M R values of a subgrade soil under various stress and suction conditions were investigated using a suction-controlled cyclic triaxial apparatus. To enhance the accuracy of measurements, Hall-effect transducers were employed to monitor the local axial and radial deformation of each specimen. It was found that M R increases with number of load applications when a soil contracts, but decreases slightly when a soil dilates. When suction increases, the soil response tends to change from contractive to dilative due to suction-induced dilatancy. Moreover, the measured M R is highly dependent on the stress state. It decreases with cyclic stress due to the nonlinearity of the soil stress–strain behaviour, but increases significantly with suction due to the presence of water tension. At the same stress and suction conditions, M R measured along the wetting path is generally larger than that measured along the drying path. A new semi-empirical equation representing the stress-dependency of M R is proposed and was verified using experimental results of four different soils.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".