Regulation of Agriculture: The Regions as a New Locus for Working towards Territorial Coherence between Agricultural Policies? the Rhone-Alpes Region in the European context./Regulation De L'agriculture: Les Regions Comme Nouveau Lieu De Mise En Coherence Territoriale Des Politiques Agricoles? la Region Rhone-Alpes Dans le Contexte Europeen *
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In the European Union (EU), two major recent changes have been framing the development of agricultural regulation. First, a decentralization trend can be observed in most of the member states, resulting from both national and EU policies: the modernization of state apparatus combines with the 'subsidiarity' principle of the EU which assumes that policy decisions have to be decentralized as much as is rationally and functionally possible. Second, changes in agricultural policies, shifting from market support to rural development (the 'Second Pillar' of the CAP) and then to multiple forms of support for the multifunctionality of agriculture, are resulting in a renewed policy framework, generally directed by the EU and implemented differently in the member states and regions. A cross-examination of these parallel trends is necessary to answer some basic questions, mainly: is there a change in the regional frameworks which organize the regulation of agriculture? What kind of differences can be observed in several European regions and how can these differences be explained? What is the particular shape of this evolution in the regions of a semi-centralized country like France? To answer these questions, field and institutional data have been collected in several European regions: Rhone-Alpes (France) as a central reference for the analysis, and other regions located in Germany, Spain and the United-Kingdom. The implementation of European policies in the regions and the creation of specific regional policies show that the regionalization process actually results in a growing involvement of the regions in the regulation of agriculture. This process must be accurately analyzed because of the major issues which are at stake: increasing risks of new inequalities in the EU, an uncertain future for sector policies, the possible shift from a Europe 'of the states' to a Europe 'of the regions', and the possible evolution and diversity of support for the multifunctionality of agriculture. Even in France, where the regions have little power to influence agricultural policies, their role is real and growing. Yet generally, beyond regionalist discourses, the European regions do not always appear to be a key level for the coherence of multilevel policies. The regional level often tries to integrate rural development, agro-environment and most territory-centred regulations, but in many cases it does not represent a coherent level of general regulation. A good example can be observed in the support for and marginalization of agricultural pluri-activity at regional level. In highly decentralized regions of federal (Germany) or quasi-federal (Spain, UK) countries, the regions play a key role in implementing both sector ('First Pillar') and rural ('Second Pillar') policies. This results in extensive diversification of regional policies, primarily for the implementation of the EU Rural Development Policy (RDR regulation): the EU, State and Region financial support and institutional reorganization are oriented either towards support to farmers, in a close relationship with the dominant farmers' unions as in the past, or towards more innovative policies centred around new actors involved in rural development, and organized through new local institutions. Consequently, the diversification of policies at the basic political level of regions (and of 'departments' in some countries) results in opposing trends which shape different policy models in Europe. The determining factors of this dichotomy are: i) the huge inequality of regions' resources and especially of those available for agricultural policies; and ii) the ability of every region to decentralize itself and to build sub-regional regulation levels. Decentralization appears to be a new and growing part of public regulation of agriculture. This leads to a new pattern of relationships and competencies between the EU, State and Region levels. …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".