Frontal bones of non-avian theropod dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous (Santonian–?Campanian) Bostobe Formation of the northeastern Aral Sea region, Kazakhstan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Three theropod taxa have been identified based on isolated frontal bones from the Santonian–?Campanian Bostobe Formation at the Shakh-Shakh locality, in the northeastern Aral Sea region of Kazakhstan. A frontal referable to Ornithomimosauria indet. is distinct in having a slightly pronounced cerebral dome. A frontal of an unidentified therizinosaur resembles the element in Erlikosaurus (Cenomanian—Turonian of Mongolia) in most features, but it differs in having an anterolateral prong along the orbital rim, a less-developed facet for contact with the prefrontal, and a larger depression for the cerebral hemisphere. A frontal identifiable as Troodontidae indet. differs from that of Troodon (Campanian—Maastrichtian of North America) and resembles that of the Mongolian Campanian Gobivenator in having a larger supratemporal fossa and the anterior process of the parietals wedged between the frontals. This specimen is the first reliable record for Troodontidae from the Bostobe Formation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".