Testing Leaf Multispectral Reflectance Data as Input into Random Forest to Differentiate Velvetleaf from Soybean
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.) infestations negatively impact row crop production throughout the United States and Canada’s eastern provinces. To implement management strategies to control velvetleaf, managers need tools for differentiating it from crop plants. 5 Band, 7 Band, 8 Band, and 16 Band multispectral datasets simulating LANDSAT 3 plus a blue band, LANDSAT 8, WorldView 2, and WorldView 3 spectral bands, respectively were tested as input into the random forest algorithm for velvetleaf soybean [Glycine max L. (Merr.)] discrimination. During two separate greenhouse experiments in 2014, leaf reflectance measurements were obtained at the vegetative growth stage of velvetleaf plants and two soybean varieties. The reflectance measurements were collected with a plant contact probe attached to a hyperspectral spectroradiometer. Leaf hyperspectral reflectance measurements were convolved to the four multispectral datasets with computer software. Overall, user’s, and producer’s accuracies and kappa coefficient were employed to determine classification accuracies. Using the multispectral datasets as input, the random forest algorithm differentiated velvetleaf from the soybean varieties with accuracies ranging from 86.7% to 100%. 7 Band, 16 Band, 8 Band, and 5 Band datasets ranked or tied for the highest accuracies seventeen, sixteen, twelve, and one time, respectively. Kappa coefficients indicated an almost perfect agreement (i.e., kappa value, 0.81 - 1.0) to substantial agreement (i.e., kappa value, 0.61 - 0.80) between reference data and model predicted classes. This study was the first to demonstrate the application of the random forest machine learner and leaf multispectral reflectance data as tools to distinguish velvetleaf from soybean and to identify multispectral band combinations providing the best accuracies. Findings support further application of the random forest machine learner along with remotely-sensed multispectral data as tools for velvetleaf soybean discrimination with future implications for site-specific management of velvetleaf.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".