In Situ X-Ray Diffraction Measurement Method for Investigating the Oxides Films on Austenitic Stainless Steel in Simulated Pressurized Water Reactor Primary Water
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Synchrotron x-ray diffraction analytical techniques have been used to investigate the structure of oxide films formed on Type 316L (UNS S31603) austenitic stainless steel in simulated pressurized water reactor primary water. An in situ technique for investigating the layer structures of oxide films has been developed using this measurement method. The observed layer structures of the oxide films changed depending on the dissolved hydrogen concentration (DH) in PWR primary water. In two cases, where DH = 5 cm3/kg (H2O) or 30 cm3/kg (H2O), a (NixFe(1−x))Fe2O4-type spinel oxide was observed as the outer oxide, and a FeCr2O4-type spinel oxide was detected as the thin inner oxide. When DH = 30 cm3/kg (H2O), the Fe:Ni ratio in the (NixFe(1−x))Fe2O4 outer spinel oxide was much larger than when DH = 5 cm3/kg (H2O). In addition, sequential in situ measurements when the hydrogen concentration varied from 5 cm3/kg (H2O) to 30 cm3/kg (H2O) also demonstrated that the oxide layer structure seemed to adjust its characteristic composition as a function of the DH. The oxide layer structure could also be reversed to that of the initial state with DH = 5 cm3/kg (H2O) when the DH was switched back from 30 cm3/kg (H2O) to 5 cm3/kg (H2O).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".