Justice et charité : l’institution symbolique de l’espace public laïque en France
Bibliographic record
Abstract
L’histoire de la société française de ces deux derniers siècles est profondément conflictuelle et l’on a pu, sans trop d’exagération, parler d’une lutte des deux France, catholique et républicaine. On a souvent dit, à la lumière de l’issue de l’affrontement à propos de l’école, que la seconde l’a emporté sur la première. En examinant le dossier de l’histoire de l’aide et de l’action sociales, tout aussi sensible que celui de l’école, on découvre que la laïcité repose sur un travail symbolique intense. On s’efforce donc, ici, de cerner l’ensemble des conditions, obstacles, moyens et projets qui ont permis qu’une dynamique très conflictuelle, d’apparence idéologique, débouche sur une solution d’apaisement, rendue possible par la réinterprétation de signifiants emblématiques – justice, charité, fraternité, solidarité, etc. – et par divers emprunts sémantiques. Après coup, il semble possible d’affirmer que le partage symbolique accompagne, à supposer qu’il n’en soit pas une condition majeure, l’invention institutionnelle d’une république dont la laïcité a pour moyen la neutralité, mais pour finalité la reconnaissance et l’appartenance communes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.016 | 0.018 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".